INDEGE IKORERWA IBIKI MBERE YO GUHAGURUKA? ESE UMUTWAZI WAYO AYITWARA ATE? MU CYUMBA CY’UYITWAYE SE HO HAKORERWA IBIKI? BISOBANUKIRWE

Bamwe muri twe babashije kugenda mu ndege
bakubwira ko buri wese ayinjiramo ubona aba
ashaka guhengereza ngo arebe uko mu cyumba
cy’ugiye k’umutwara hasa.
Nyamara ntacyo abasha kubona yewe nugize
amahirwe make yo kuba yatera imboni muri icyo
cyumba (Cockpit) usanga ntakindi abona uretse
kubona abagabo babiri, abagore babiri cyangwa
umugabo n’umugore bicaye bambaye amashati
y’imyeru, amataburo ari electronic (electronic
screens) ndetse n’icyo twakwita nk’ikibaho
cyuzuye amabuto (buttons), ibyo gusa bikaba
birarangiye uricaye uratuje ushyize ubuzima
bwawe mu maboko y’abantu babiri utazi, bari
gukora ibintu utazi ndetse banabikorera ahantu
utazi utanareba.
Uku gutandukanya cyane icyumba cy’umutwazi
n’igice cy’abagenzi bafashwe nk’ingamba nyuma
y’igitero cyo kuya 11 Nzeli 2001 tuzi twese
byahiritse imiturirwa World Trade Center yo muri
leta zunze ubumwe za amerika aho ibyihebe
byahagurutse ku kibuga nk’abagenzi mu ndege
nk’abandi bose nyamara mu gihe indege
zagongaga imiturirwa ibi byihebe byari mu ndege
nk’abatwazi bazo, urabyumva nawe ko kugirango
uwari umugenzi (passenger) ahinduke umutwazi
(pilot) byasabye ko umugenzi ahaguruka mu
mwanya we (passenger’s room) akinjira mu
cyumba cy’umutwazi (cockpit) ku neza cyangwa
ku nabi.
Uburyo ibyihebe byakoresheje ngo bibashe
kwinjira muri kiriya cyumba bikajyana indege aho
bishaka bwo ntawubuzi ariko ikizwi nuko kuva
ubwo hari ingamba zikomeye zo kurinda ko
umugenzi yagera aho ahurira n’icyumba
cy’umutwazi kugirango hatongera kubaho ibyaha
nkibyo bihitana imbaga ku maherere. Icyo tuzi
twese n’uko agapfundikiye koko gatera amatsiko
bityo kuba abantu batabasha kugera muri kiriya
cyumba buri wese uba wumva ashaka kumenya
ibihabera kubera ko bigirwa amabanga akomeye
cyane.
Kuri buri wese rero waba yaragize icyo yibaza ku
bibera inyuma ya ruriya rugi ruhora rufunze
ndetse n’undi wese ufite amatsiko ashaka
gushira mu bijya n’imitwarirwe y’indege dore
bimwe mubyo ktimez yabakusanyirije.
Icya mbere abatwazi bakigeramo ubwabo
babanza kwibwirana dore ko akenshi mu ma
kompanyi y’indege akomeye (aho ndavuga
abasha kuba afite umubare w’abatwazi bahagije)
usanga bitajya bipfa kubaho ko abatwazi babiri
baziranye bashyirwa ku rugendo rumwe ngo
bafatanye kuyobora indege, birumvikana rero
abantu babiri bataziranye bazi neza ko bagiye
bahetse amagara y’abantu amagana mu rugendo
rw’igihe kitari gito baraganira bakanagerageza
kwibwirana, ubundi mukayobora abantu uko
mwabitojwe dore ko nubwo baba bataziranye
baba barahawe mabwiriza amwe, amahame
y’urugendo amwe ndetse nibyo bize ku ndege ari
bimwe.
Ikindi wabanza ku menya n’uko indege igomba
gutwarwa n’abantu barenze umwe (akenshi baba
ari babiri), uwa mbere twakwita nkaho ariwe uba
ugena byose ni Captain (uko niko pilot uyoboye
indege bamwita) hanyuma umwungiriza we uba
unafite inshingano zo kumva inama z’umukuriye
akitwa Copilot.
Amwe mu mabanga agenda ashyirwa hanze
n’abahoze ari abatwazi b’indege (pilots) bavuga
ko Captain na Copilot batagomba kurya ibiryo
bimwe mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko habaye harimo
icyabagirira nabi cyabahitana bombi ubundi
iby’urugendo bikarangiriraho ndetse n’ubuzima
bw’abari mu rugendo bugashyirwaho akadomo
ako kanya, aha ikiba gitekerezwa cyane ni
nk’igihe hari uwagambana agashaka guhitana
abari mu ndege akoresheje guha uburozi
abayitwaye, ibi rero byirindwa hirindwa kurya
ibiryo bimwe kubatwaye. Ikindi kandi abatwaye
indege basabwa kuganira ku by’urugendo gusa.
Mbere yo gutwara abatwazi babanze guhabwa
amakuru y’uko ikirere giteye, uko urugendo
rupanze (icyo twakwita nka flight plan),
bagahabwa amakuru y’umubare w4abagenzi
n’imizigo batwaye, porogaramu y’uko urugendo
ruri buyoborwe ubundi nabo bagasaba ko indege
yuzuzwa benzine (esanse y’indege) mbere yo
guhaguruka.
Mu gihe ayo makuru aba ari kuza aba pilote nabo
baba bari gukora nk’icyo twakwita
imbanzirizakuguruka (preflighting) aho baba
bicaye mu cyumba cyabo kitwa cockpit, bitewe
n’ubwoko bwindege preflighting ikorwa ku buryo
butandukanye ariko icyangombwa kiba gihari
nuko baba bari kure niba akumba kabo (cockpit)
kari gukora neza banareba niba ahantu hose kuri
“throttle quadrant” (ku barebye film cyane
cyangwa ababonye amafoto y’uko mu ndege
hamera throttle quadrant ni hamwe ubona ibi
button byinshi abapilote baba bakandagura ibindi
bamanura) hari mu buryo (position) hasabwa
kuba barimo kugirango indege ibashe guhaguruka
(proper position for start).
Aha pilote iyo amaze kubona ko byose
byatunganye, captain atanga amabwiriza yo kujya
kureba hanze y’indege ko ntacyateza ikibazo kiri
hafi aho, aha ashobora kwigirayo cyangwa
akohereza umwungiriza we (copilot) agasohoka
akazenguruka indege areba ko ku gice cyo naho
hari tayari mbere yo guhaguruka.
Ku ma kompanyi afite ba enjeniyeri (engineers)
bibijyanye n’ikirere nibo bakora iryo suzuma ryo
hanze y’indege mbere y’uko iguruka ariko
n’ubundi umwanzuro wanyuma ugomba gufatwa
na captain w’indege. Mu by’ukuri iri suzuma
ribera hanze y’indege mbere y’uko ihaguruka riba
rireba niba ntakwangirika kwaba kwarabaye ku
ndege wenda biturutse ku rugendo iba iheruka
gukora (previous flight), bagasuzuma niba ntaho
amavuta ari gutonyanga wenda kubera
gupfumuka, bakareba niba nta bice runaka biri
kubura cyangwa byangiritse bakanareba aho
amavuta cyangwa ibindi bisukika byose indege
ikenera bigeze.
Iyo hagaragaye ikibazo abatekinisiye bagomba
guhita bagikemura cyangwa indege ikaguruka mu
gihe basuzumye bakabona ko akabazo
kagaragaye ari gato ku buryo nta nkomyi nimwe
kateza mu rugendo ibi babirebera kucyo bita MEL
(Minimum Equipment List).
Ikindi nkubwira nuko benzine (ku batayizi twayita
ko ari nkayo esanse y’indege) ishyirwa mu ndege
hagendewe ku buremere bw’ibiyirimo, ubushyuhe,
uburebure bw’urugendo indege igiyemo, ndetse
hanagende ku bipimo by’imiterere y’ikirere indege
iri bucemo, igihe ikipe yabagenzuzi irangije akazi
kayo ikabona ko indege imeze neza kandi ko
yagenda ntakibazo, bahita noneho batangira
gutekereza ku rugendo rubari imbere no
gutangiza indege urugendo rw’umunsi.
Icyo nicyo gihe noneho abaseriveri batangira
gukora akazi kabo, ndetse n’abashinzwe
kugabura muri cockpit bagashyikiriza
ibyangombwa by’urugendo abatwazi. Kuvugana
no gufatanya nirwo rufunguzo rw’urugendo
rwizewe rw’indege.
Igihe noneho kiba kigeze ku gukora ibyo bita
“Checklist” checklist ubundi ni urutonde
rw’ibikorwa by’ingenzi umuyobozi w’indege
n’ikipe imufasha bagomba gukora mbere yo
guhaguruka kw’indege (takeoff), ibi bikorwa biba
bigamije gushimangira ko umutekano w’urugendo
wizewe no kumenya niba nta kintu cy’ingenzi
cyibagiranye. Hanyuma bagashimangira ko buri
kimwe gitunganye ubundi umutwazi agatangira
indege.
Mbere gato yo gukomeza reka tubanze
tubasobanurire aya magambo akoreshwa cyane
muby’indege kugirango utayazi ayamenye ndetse
naho uyabona mu nkuru uyasobanukirwe
(twasanze kuyabonera ikinyarwanda bigoye):
Pushback:
Iki ni igikorwa gikorwa mbere y’uko indege
ihaguruka, ni igikorwa cyo gusunika indege
hakoreshejwe imbaraga zo hanze (external
power), indege bayisunikisha utumashini bita
“pushback tractors” cyangwa “tugs”, pushback
nibwo buryo bwizewe bukoresha bwo gusunika
indege yigizwa inyuma kugirango bayihungishe
amarembo y’ikibuga cy’indege (gate).
Tugs: Utumashini dukoreshwa mu kwigiza indege
inyuma ihungishwa amarembo.
Tug driver: Umushoferi wakamashini ka “Tug”
Taxiing:
Iki ni cya gihe indege iba iri kugenda hasi ku
kibuga cy’indege hamwe iba igendesha amapine
hasi nk’imodoka.
Runway:
Ni uriya muhanda indege zigendaho mugihe ziri
mugikorwa cya taxiing.
Takeoff:
Igihe indege itangiye kuvana amapine hasi ifata
ikirere.
Landing:
Ni igihe noneho indege iri kuva mu kirere ishaka
kugwa ku kibuga cy’indege. Nizeye ko izi mvugo
noneho aho ndi buzikoreshe uri bumenye icyo
zivuze ntiriwe nongera kuzisobanuara.
Twari tugeze aho indege imaze kuba tayari
guhaguruka (Dukomerezeho), Mbere yo gukora
cya gikorwa twabonye haruguru kitwa pushback
umupilote avugana n’uyoboye ka ka mashini
twabonye kitwa tug, umushoferi waka ka mashini
asunika indege akurikije uburemere bwayo.
Hanyuma igikorwa cya pushback nyir’izina cyo
gikoranwa ubwitonzi cyane nko kwirinda gufata
feri kutwaye tug kuko nawe urabyumva
ntiwasunika indege uri kuri feri n’ibiro iba ifite,
zimwe mu ndege zigira ibyo bita hydraulic
ground interconnects cyangwa bypass pins ibi
bikaba biba biri muri system yayo iyifasha
kugenda k’ubutaka, bene ubu bwoko rero busaba
ko hari bimwe bihindurwa muri settings kugirango
indege ibashe gusunikwa na tug driver, mbere yo
gutangira pilote ahabwa uburenganzira nabari
hanze babishinzwe nawe akabona kubwira wa
mutwazi wa tug kuba yasunika indege nta
kibazo.
Nubwo abapilote baba batari kubona iki gikorwa
amaso ku maso bitewe n’imiterere y’akumba
batwariramo (cockpit) ariko haba hari camera
ibafatira amashusho y’igikorwa cya pushback
ndetse na screen babireberamo kugirango bizere
neza ko bari gusunikwa mu mutekano. Igihe bari
gusunikwa nibwo noneho batangira igikorwa cyo
gutangira (gucana) ama moteri y’indege.
Hakurikiraho igikorwa cya taxiing (igikorwa
twakwita nko kugendesha indege bumodoka), aha
nibwo pilot atangira noneho umurimo ukomeye
wo kuyobora indege yicaye mu biro bye “cockpit”
ahanganye n’imbaraga zo hanze zirimo imiyaga
n’ibindi.
Kompanyi (Airlines) nyinshi zitegeka aba pilote
bazo ko iki gikorwa gikorwa hacanye moteri imwe
gusa mu rwego rwo kudasesagura benzine dore
ko ihenda ku kigero utakwiyumvisha, ibi rero
moteri zose zisigaye zicanwa mugihe taxiing
yenda kurangira igihe indege igiye gukura
amapine hasi ngo ifate ikirere mu gikorwa
twabonye ko kitwa “takeoff”.
Mu gikorwa cya taxiing abapilote baba bagikora
bya bikorwa twabonye byitwa checklist ndetse
akanatekereza ku gihe kiza yumva yatangirira
gucaniraho za moteri zindi ziba za sigaye
zidacanywe, aha kandi abashinzwe ibikorwa byo
hasi ku kibuga nibwo basaba umutwazi
kwigengesera. Mu gihe cy’urubura indege igomba
kunyura hejuru y’icyo twakwita nk’itapi iyikuraho
urubura (deice pad), bakavugana n’ushinzwe
iby’urubura ku kibuga kandi bigasaba pilote
gukora checklist inshuro ebyiri zose. Igihe
cy’urubura pilote aba agomba kwihuta kugirango
ahaguruke vuba bidasabye ko indege yongera
urubura bwa kabiri.
Hakurikiraho igikorwa cyo guhaguruka “takeoff”
iki n’icyo gikorwa kiba giteye inkeke (risky) mu
bikorwa byose by’urugendo rw’indege, bivuze ko
bisaba kwigengesera bitaba ibyo indege ikaba
yahura n’ibibazo birimo no kuba yahita ihanuka
igasubira hasi, impamvu y’ibi abahanga
muby’indege bavugako ari uko iki gihe aribwo
indege iba iremerewe (heaviest point) aha rero
abapilote baba bagomba kuba inararibonye
nk’uko baba barabitojwe.
Hakurikiraho urugendo rw’umurambi mu kirere,
indege iyo igeze muri metero ibihumbi bitatu na
mirongo ine n’umunani (3,048 m=10,000 feet)
uvuye hasi, nibwo pilote atanga akamenyetso ko
gusona “ding” ku girango amenyeshe abaseriveri
bo mundege ko nta kibazo kuba bava mu myanya
yabo bari bicayemo kuko mbere yo guhaguruka
baba basabwe kwicara kugeza igihe indege
ifashe ikirere neza, ni k’ubutumburuke kandi
umupilote yemererwa noneho kuba yakwisanzura
akaba yaganira cyangwa agakora ikindi gikorwa
gisanzwe dore ko nawe mbere yo guhaguruka
aba agomba guhangana no kuzamura indege mu
kirere nta kindi aba agomba gutekereza kugeza
indege igeze ku butumburuke twavuze haruguru.
Captain niwe uba uri ku mutwe wa byose, niwe
uba uvugana nabo hasi akora cyangwa abwira
copilot gukora ibyo abo hasi babasabye n’ibindi,
abapilote hano baba batangiye urugendo
nyir’izina aho baba bagenda bashakisha ahantu
hari umwuka umeze neza wo kunyuramo cyane
ko burya mu kirere naho haba inzira nziza n’imbi
bitewe n’umwuka uherereye mu gace inzira
irimo.
Aha aba pilote baba bashobora gushyira indege
mu buryo bwo kwitara (auto pilote mode) noneho
bo bagasigara bacungana n’ibijyanye n’ubutumwa
ndetse n’izindi information ababa basoma m uma
screen aba abari imbere, muri iki gice
cy’urugendo bivugwa ko nta kazi kenshi aba
pilote ababa bafite ngo abenshi birangira barimo
kwikinira imikino (games) cyangwa ibindi byo
kuruhura mu mutwe ariko batarangaye.
Mbere yo kugwa “landing” ho iminota mirongo
itatu (30 min) abapilote batangira kuvugana
n’abari ku kibuga cy’indege cyaho bagiye
kugirango babashe kumenya runway umuhanda
(ikibuga k’indege kiba gifite imihanda myinshi)
bari bukoreshe hanyuma bagatangira kwitegura
kumanura indege, hafi mu bilometero bitanu
n’igice, abapilote niho batangira kwatsa amatara
yo kwiyerekana hanyuma kuri ATC (Air Traffic
Control) y’aho bagatangira kubitegura.
Mu gihe cyo gusatira aho indege yenda kugwa
ama moteri atangira kwitegura kuba indege
yasubizwa inyuma (iki nicyo bita go-around), go-
around ni igihe indege yarigiye kugwa hanyuma
igasabwa gusubira inyuma cyangwa kuba
izenguruka hafaho, ibi biterwa akenshi nuko
wenda babonye ko yari imanutse nabi cyangwa
se babonye ko hariziti ndege zigiparitse aho
yarigiye kumanukira.
Aba pilote nabo baba baratojwe guhora biteguye
kuba basubika igikorwa cyo kugwa ku kibuga
kubw’impamvu nyinshi zitandukanya, iyo
ubishinzwe abasabye kuba basubira inyuma
bakongera kugerageza kugwa baba biteguye
guhita bakata ako kanya bakagaruka nyuma gato
bitewe n’impamvu basabwe gusubira inyuma. Iyo
nta mpamvu ya go-around ihari rero kugwa
bigomba gukorwa nta nkomyi.
Kugwa kw’indege burya ngo niho piloti yumvira
umunyenga w’indege kandi hakaba arinaho
hamusaba ubushishozi bukomeye, guhangana
n’imihindagurikire y’umuyaga mu gihe pilote
agerageza kumanura indege ku butaka ngo
bimusaba ubuhanga bwinshi, aha ngo ninaho
umupilote mwiza asuzumirwa. Bavuga ko
muby’ukuri impano y’umupilote igomba
kugaragarira mu buryo yatwaye rugendo ariko
ngo umupilote w’inzobere agaragariza
ubushobozi n’ubuhanga bwe mu kumanura indege
ku butaka, kandi ngo kugwa neza kw’indege
bituruka ku buryo yajemo isatira ikibuga.
Amakompanyi ngo agira indege zifite uburyo bwo
kwigusha ku butaka (automatic landing) cyane
cyane nko gufata amaferi bikikora, hari n’izindi
zifite ama mashini (computers) zishobora
kwigwishiriza indege ku butaka ariko hakaba
n’izindi bikorwa n’umupilote ubwe ijana kw’ijana.
Iyo barangije kunyura kuri runway (nimwe byitwa
taxiing) abapilote noneho bakora rya suzuma rya
checklist ariko rya nyuma yo kugwa (after
landing) mu gihe iryo twabonye mbere ari irya
mbere yo kugwa, hanyuma haramuka hagaragaye
ikibazo kikandikwa mu gitabo (logbook) ku buryo
ikipe ikurikiyeho ku rugendo rukurikira iri
bumenye aho ihera igira ibyo ikosora, ubwo ikindi
gikorwa ni ugukorana mu ntoki kwa’abapilote
bashimira ko basohoje ubutumwa neza kuri buri
umwe ubundi ibikorwa by’urundi rugendo
rukurikira bigatangirira kw’iyo ndege nk’uko
twatangiye gutyo gutyo.
Hari imbaga y’abantu benshi usanga bakubwira
ko batinya kujya mu ndege nubwo unasanga
abenshi bataranayijyamo, icyo nabibwirira nsoza
iyi nkuru nuko batagakwiye gutinya indege kuko
abapilote bayo baba ari inzobere, bazi neza ibyo
bakora kandi banarambye mu mwuga wabo
wibuke kandi ko ikiba cyamuzinduye ari ukurinda
ubuzima bw’abo atwaye ndetse n’ubwe kandi ari
nabyo yaherewe amasomo adasanzwe ubundi
bitume utazongera gutinyira ubusa